Plasmid Preparation:Article Title: Characterization of a Cytokine-Independent STAT5 Activator
Article Snippet: .. The pEF6 aSTAT5 plasmid (10 μg) was combined with 15 × 106 cells in 400 μL in a 0.4 cm cuvette and then electroporated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser Xcell (CA, USA) (260 V, 1250 μF) at RT. ..
Electroporation:Article Title: Extracellular Vesicles in Drug Delivery: From Quality Assurance to Therapeutic Application
Article Snippet: .. The mixture is then usually treated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser Xcell https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S579695 International Journal of Nanomedicine 2026:21 8 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) electroporation system at 250V and 100μF.97,98 Under the influence of the electric field, the lipid bilayer of the EVs temporarily ruptures, increasing membrane permeability and allowing small molecule drugs to be loaded into the EVs.98 After electroporation is completed, the mixture is incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, which helps restore the membrane integrity of EVs.99 The voltage intensity, discharge parameters (such as capacitance/pulse number), the mixing ratio of EVs to drug molecules, the physicochemical properties of the buffer, and the electrode materials are all considered important factors influencing the drug-loading efficiency of EVs.100 The main advantages of this method are its ease of operation, strong controllability of parameters, and stable drug-loading efficiency.16 The primary drawback is that highvoltage electrical pulses may cause irreversible physical damage to the membranes of EVs, leading to reduced EV integrity, leakage of contents, and potentially affecting their biological activity and targeting function.101 In addition, for large nucleic acids (such as certain siRNAs/miRNAs), there may be issues of aggregation, degradation, or uneven loading. ..
Article Title: Directed evolution for obtaining improved variants of TEV protease for biotechnological applications
Article Snippet: .. The concentrated mixed DNA from above was combined with 250 μL of electrocompetent yeast placed into a Gene Pulser® electroporation cuvette (BIO-RAD Laboratories, catalog 3165-2086) prechilled in ice and then electroporated using a Bio-Rad Gene pulser XCell with the following settings: 500-V, 15-ms pulse duration, one pulse only, 2-mm cuvette. ..
Membrane:Article Title: Extracellular Vesicles in Drug Delivery: From Quality Assurance to Therapeutic Application
Article Snippet: .. The mixture is then usually treated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser Xcell https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S579695 International Journal of Nanomedicine 2026:21 8 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) electroporation system at 250V and 100μF.97,98 Under the influence of the electric field, the lipid bilayer of the EVs temporarily ruptures, increasing membrane permeability and allowing small molecule drugs to be loaded into the EVs.98 After electroporation is completed, the mixture is incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, which helps restore the membrane integrity of EVs.99 The voltage intensity, discharge parameters (such as capacitance/pulse number), the mixing ratio of EVs to drug molecules, the physicochemical properties of the buffer, and the electrode materials are all considered important factors influencing the drug-loading efficiency of EVs.100 The main advantages of this method are its ease of operation, strong controllability of parameters, and stable drug-loading efficiency.16 The primary drawback is that highvoltage electrical pulses may cause irreversible physical damage to the membranes of EVs, leading to reduced EV integrity, leakage of contents, and potentially affecting their biological activity and targeting function.101 In addition, for large nucleic acids (such as certain siRNAs/miRNAs), there may be issues of aggregation, degradation, or uneven loading. ..
Permeability:Article Title: Extracellular Vesicles in Drug Delivery: From Quality Assurance to Therapeutic Application
Article Snippet: .. The mixture is then usually treated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser Xcell https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S579695 International Journal of Nanomedicine 2026:21 8 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) electroporation system at 250V and 100μF.97,98 Under the influence of the electric field, the lipid bilayer of the EVs temporarily ruptures, increasing membrane permeability and allowing small molecule drugs to be loaded into the EVs.98 After electroporation is completed, the mixture is incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, which helps restore the membrane integrity of EVs.99 The voltage intensity, discharge parameters (such as capacitance/pulse number), the mixing ratio of EVs to drug molecules, the physicochemical properties of the buffer, and the electrode materials are all considered important factors influencing the drug-loading efficiency of EVs.100 The main advantages of this method are its ease of operation, strong controllability of parameters, and stable drug-loading efficiency.16 The primary drawback is that highvoltage electrical pulses may cause irreversible physical damage to the membranes of EVs, leading to reduced EV integrity, leakage of contents, and potentially affecting their biological activity and targeting function.101 In addition, for large nucleic acids (such as certain siRNAs/miRNAs), there may be issues of aggregation, degradation, or uneven loading. ..
Incubation:Article Title: Extracellular Vesicles in Drug Delivery: From Quality Assurance to Therapeutic Application
Article Snippet: .. The mixture is then usually treated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser Xcell https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S579695 International Journal of Nanomedicine 2026:21 8 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) electroporation system at 250V and 100μF.97,98 Under the influence of the electric field, the lipid bilayer of the EVs temporarily ruptures, increasing membrane permeability and allowing small molecule drugs to be loaded into the EVs.98 After electroporation is completed, the mixture is incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, which helps restore the membrane integrity of EVs.99 The voltage intensity, discharge parameters (such as capacitance/pulse number), the mixing ratio of EVs to drug molecules, the physicochemical properties of the buffer, and the electrode materials are all considered important factors influencing the drug-loading efficiency of EVs.100 The main advantages of this method are its ease of operation, strong controllability of parameters, and stable drug-loading efficiency.16 The primary drawback is that highvoltage electrical pulses may cause irreversible physical damage to the membranes of EVs, leading to reduced EV integrity, leakage of contents, and potentially affecting their biological activity and targeting function.101 In addition, for large nucleic acids (such as certain siRNAs/miRNAs), there may be issues of aggregation, degradation, or uneven loading. ..
Activity Assay:Article Title: Extracellular Vesicles in Drug Delivery: From Quality Assurance to Therapeutic Application
Article Snippet: .. The mixture is then usually treated using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser Xcell https://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S579695 International Journal of Nanomedicine 2026:21 8 Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org) electroporation system at 250V and 100μF.97,98 Under the influence of the electric field, the lipid bilayer of the EVs temporarily ruptures, increasing membrane permeability and allowing small molecule drugs to be loaded into the EVs.98 After electroporation is completed, the mixture is incubated at 37°C for 30 minutes, which helps restore the membrane integrity of EVs.99 The voltage intensity, discharge parameters (such as capacitance/pulse number), the mixing ratio of EVs to drug molecules, the physicochemical properties of the buffer, and the electrode materials are all considered important factors influencing the drug-loading efficiency of EVs.100 The main advantages of this method are its ease of operation, strong controllability of parameters, and stable drug-loading efficiency.16 The primary drawback is that highvoltage electrical pulses may cause irreversible physical damage to the membranes of EVs, leading to reduced EV integrity, leakage of contents, and potentially affecting their biological activity and targeting function.101 In addition, for large nucleic acids (such as certain siRNAs/miRNAs), there may be issues of aggregation, degradation, or uneven loading. ..
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Transfection:Article Title: A series of spontaneously blinking dyes for super-resolution microscopy.
Article Snippet: .. U2OS cells were transiently transfected with a LifeAct–HaloTag construct from Janelia Research Campus using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser XCell (exponential decay protocol, 200 V, 950 μF, resistance ∞ and 4-mm cuvette). .. Cells were plated on 25-mm round coverslips containing gold nanorods (CC12-40-600-NEG-DIH-50-1, Nanopartz) to serve as fiducial markers for calibration and corrections.
Construct:Article Title: A series of spontaneously blinking dyes for super-resolution microscopy.
Article Snippet: .. U2OS cells were transiently transfected with a LifeAct–HaloTag construct from Janelia Research Campus using a Bio-Rad Gene Pulser XCell (exponential decay protocol, 200 V, 950 μF, resistance ∞ and 4-mm cuvette). .. Cells were plated on 25-mm round coverslips containing gold nanorods (CC12-40-600-NEG-DIH-50-1, Nanopartz) to serve as fiducial markers for calibration and corrections.
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